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Thomas Carew is an American neuroscientist whose interests center on the behavioral, cellular, and molecular analyses of learning and memory. His work provides provide empirical support for the idea that different temporal phases of memory consolidation can be best identified not by their different temporal domains, but by their molecular signatures. ==Research== Early in his career, in collaboration with Eric Kandel and colleagues, Carew provided the first evidence in Aplysia californica—the California sea slug—for both long-term memory and associative learning in this model system.〔Carew, T.J., Pinsker, H., and Kandel, E.R. (1972) Long-term habituation of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science 175, 451-454〕〔Carew, T.J., Hawkins, R.D., and Kandel, E.R. (1983) Differential classical conditioning of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science 219, 397-400〕 These discoveries gave rise to continuing synaptic and molecular studies. Carew subsequently developed four lines of research that provide mechanistic insights into learning and memory. First, he was able to dissociate several different types of memory on both behavioral and synaptic levels, showing, for example, in contrast to a prevailing theoretical view, that it is possible to induce both intermediate-term and long-term synaptic changes underlying memory in the absence of short-term changes.〔Emptage, N.J. and Carew, T.J. (1993) Long-term synaptic facilitation in the absence of short-term facilitation in Aplysia sensory neurons. Science, 262, 253-256.〕 Second, he developed experimental methods which permit independent analysis of somatic and synaptic compartments of identified neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) that are involved in memory formation showing, for instance, that local protein synthesis at the synapse is essential for the induction of intermediate-term memory.〔Sherff, Carolyn M. and Carew, T. J. (1999) Coincident induction of long-term facilitation in Aplysia: Cooperativity between cell bodies and remote synapses. Science, 285: 1911-1914.〕〔Sherff, CM and Carew, TJ (2004) Parallel somatic and synaptic processing in the induction of intermediate-term and long-term synaptic facilitation in Aplysia. PNAS 101:7463-7468.〕 Third, he has identified three mechanistically distinct phases of synaptic facilitation in the CNS, each of which predicted the existence and molecular features of distinct temporal phases of behavioral memory.〔Sutton, M.A. and Carew, T.J. (2000) Parallel molecular pathways mediate the expression of distinct forms of intermediate-term facilitation at tail sensory-motor synapses in Aplysia.Neuron, 26: 219-232.〕〔Sutton, M.A., Masters, S.E., Bagnall, M.W. and Carew, T.J. (2001) Molecular mechanisms underlying a unique intermediate phase of memory in Aplysia. Neuron, 31 (1): 143-154.〕 Finally, in more recent work, he has been able to identify the contribution of a number of specific molecular cascades, as well as their interactions, in the induction and consolidation of different forms of memory.〔Purcell AL, Sharma SK, Bagnall MW, Sutton MA, Carew TJ. (2003) Activation of a tyrosineKinase MAP kinase cascade facilitates the induction of long-term synaptic facilitation and longTerm memory in Aplysia. Neuron, 37: 473-484.〕〔Sharma, SK, Sherff, CM, Stough, S, Hsuan, V and Carew, TJ (2006) A tropomyosin-related kinaseB ligand is required for ERK activation, long-term synaptic facilitation, and long-term memory in Aplysia. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 103:14206-14210.〕〔Shobe, J., Zhao, Y., Ye, X., Stough,, S., Martin, K. and Carew, T.J. (2009) Temporal phases ofactivity-dependent plasticity and memory are mediated by compartmentalized routing of MAPKsignaling in Aplysia sensory neurons. Neuron 61:113-125.〕〔Ye, X, Marina, A. and Carew, T.J. (2012). Local synaptic integration of mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase A signaling mediates intermediate-term synaptic facilitation in Aplysia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.;109 (44):18162-7.〕〔Philips, G.T., Ye, X, Kopec, A., and Carew, T.J. (2013) MAPK establishes a molecular context that defines effective training patterns for long-term memory formation, J. Neuroscience 33 (17): 7565-7573〕 Carew’s research contributions all connect specific synaptic and molecular events to bona fide instances of memory expressed behaviorally. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thomas J. Carew」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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